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REST API

Event handler for Amazon API Gateway REST and HTTP APIs, Application Loader Balancer (ALB), and Lambda Function URLs.

Key Features

  • Lightweight routing to reduce boilerplate for API Gateway REST/HTTP API, ALB and Lambda Function URLs.
  • Support for CORS, binary and Gzip compression, Decimals JSON encoding and bring your own JSON serializer
  • Built-in integration with Event Source Data Classes utilities for self-documented event schema

Getting started

Tip

All examples shared in this documentation are available within the project repository.

Required resources

If you're using any API Gateway integration, you must have an existing API Gateway Proxy integration or ALB configured to invoke your Lambda function.

This is the sample infrastructure for API Gateway and Lambda Function URLs we are using for the examples in this documentation.

There is no additional permissions or dependencies required to use this utility.
AWS Serverless Application Model (SAM) example
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AWSTemplateFormatVersion: "2010-09-09"
Transform: AWS::Serverless-2016-10-31
Description: Hello world event handler API Gateway

Globals:
  Api:
    TracingEnabled: true
    Cors: # see CORS section
      AllowOrigin: "'https://example.com'"
      AllowHeaders: "'Content-Type,Authorization,X-Amz-Date'"
      MaxAge: "'300'"
    BinaryMediaTypes: # see Binary responses section
      - "*~1*" # converts to */* for any binary type
  Function:
    Timeout: 5
    Runtime: python3.9
    Tracing: Active
    Environment:
      Variables:
        LOG_LEVEL: INFO
        POWERTOOLS_LOGGER_SAMPLE_RATE: 0.1
        POWERTOOLS_LOGGER_LOG_EVENT: true
        POWERTOOLS_SERVICE_NAME: example

Resources:
  ApiFunction:
    Type: AWS::Serverless::Function
    Properties:
      Handler: getting_started_rest_api_resolver.lambda_handler
      CodeUri: ../src
      Description: API handler function
      Events:
        AnyApiEvent:
          Type: Api
          Properties:
            # NOTE: this is a catch-all rule to simplify the documentation.
            # explicit routes and methods are recommended for prod instead (see below)
            Path: /{proxy+} # Send requests on any path to the lambda function
            Method: ANY # Send requests using any http method to the lambda function


        # GetAllTodos:
        #   Type: Api
        #   Properties:
        #     Path: /todos
        #     Method: GET
        # GetTodoById:
        #   Type: Api
        #   Properties:
        #     Path: /todos/{todo_id}
        #     Method: GET
        # CreateTodo:
        #   Type: Api
        #   Properties:
        #     Path: /todos
        #     Method: POST
AWS Serverless Application Model (SAM) example
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AWSTemplateFormatVersion: "2010-09-09"
Transform: AWS::Serverless-2016-10-31
Description: Hello world event handler Lambda Function URL

Globals:
  Function:
    Timeout: 5
    Runtime: python3.9
    Tracing: Active
    Environment:
      Variables:
        LOG_LEVEL: INFO
        POWERTOOLS_LOGGER_SAMPLE_RATE: 0.1
        POWERTOOLS_LOGGER_LOG_EVENT: true
        POWERTOOLS_SERVICE_NAME: example
    FunctionUrlConfig:
      Cors: # see CORS section
        # Notice that values here are Lists of Strings, vs comma-separated values on API Gateway
        AllowOrigins: ["https://example.com"]
        AllowHeaders: ["Content-Type", "Authorization", "X-Amz-Date"]
        MaxAge: 300

Resources:
  ApiFunction:
    Type: AWS::Serverless::Function
    Properties:
      Handler: getting_started_lambda_function_url_resolver.lambda_handler
      CodeUri: ../src
      Description: API handler function
      FunctionUrlConfig:
        AuthType: NONE  # AWS_IAM for added security beyond sample documentation

Event Resolvers

Before you decorate your functions to handle a given path and HTTP method(s), you need to initialize a resolver.

A resolver will handle request resolution, including one or more routers, and give you access to the current event via typed properties.

For resolvers, we provide: APIGatewayRestResolver, APIGatewayHttpResolver, ALBResolver, and LambdaFunctionUrlResolver. From here on, we will default to APIGatewayRestResolver across examples.

Auto-serialization

We serialize Dict responses as JSON, trim whitespace for compact responses, set content-type to application/json, and return a 200 OK HTTP status. You can optionally set a different HTTP status code as the second argument of the tuple:

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import ALBResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

app = ALBResolver()


@app.post("/todo")
def create_todo():
    data: dict = app.current_event.json_body
    todo: Response = requests.post("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", data=data)

    # Returns the created todo object, with a HTTP 201 Created status
    return {"todo": todo.json()}, 201


def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

API Gateway REST API

When using Amazon API Gateway REST API to front your Lambda functions, you can use APIGatewayRestResolver.

Here's an example on how we can handle the /todos path.

Trailing slash in routes

For APIGatewayRestResolver, we seamless handle routes with a trailing slash (/todos/).

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

This utility uses path and httpMethod to route to the right function. This helps make unit tests and local invocation easier too.

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{
    "body": "",
    "resource": "/todos",
    "path": "/todos",
    "httpMethod": "GET",
    "isBase64Encoded": false,
    "queryStringParameters": {},
    "multiValueQueryStringParameters": {},
    "pathParameters": {},
    "stageVariables": {},
    "headers": {
        "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8",
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, sdch",
        "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.8",
        "Cache-Control": "max-age=0",
        "CloudFront-Forwarded-Proto": "https",
        "CloudFront-Is-Desktop-Viewer": "true",
        "CloudFront-Is-Mobile-Viewer": "false",
        "CloudFront-Is-SmartTV-Viewer": "false",
        "CloudFront-Is-Tablet-Viewer": "false",
        "CloudFront-Viewer-Country": "US",
        "Host": "1234567890.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
        "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
        "User-Agent": "Custom User Agent String",
        "Via": "1.1 08f323deadbeefa7af34d5feb414ce27.cloudfront.net (CloudFront)",
        "X-Amz-Cf-Id": "cDehVQoZnx43VYQb9j2-nvCh-9z396Uhbp027Y2JvkCPNLmGJHqlaA==",
        "X-Forwarded-For": "127.0.0.1, 127.0.0.2",
        "X-Forwarded-Port": "443",
        "X-Forwarded-Proto": "https"
    },
    "multiValueHeaders": {},
    "requestContext": {
        "accountId": "123456789012",
        "resourceId": "123456",
        "stage": "Prod",
        "requestId": "c6af9ac6-7b61-11e6-9a41-93e8deadbeef",
        "requestTime": "25/Jul/2020:12:34:56 +0000",
        "requestTimeEpoch": 1428582896000,
        "identity": {
            "cognitoIdentityPoolId": null,
            "accountId": null,
            "cognitoIdentityId": null,
            "caller": null,
            "accessKey": null,
            "sourceIp": "127.0.0.1",
            "cognitoAuthenticationType": null,
            "cognitoAuthenticationProvider": null,
            "userArn": null,
            "userAgent": "Custom User Agent String",
            "user": null
        },
        "path": "/Prod/todos",
        "resourcePath": "/todos",
        "httpMethod": "GET",
        "apiId": "1234567890",
        "protocol": "HTTP/1.1"
    }
}

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{
    "statusCode": 200,
    "multiValueHeaders": {
        "Content-Type": ["application/json"]
    },
    "body": "{\"todos\":[{\"userId\":1,\"id\":1,\"title\":\"delectus aut autem\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":2,\"title\":\"quis ut nam facilis et officia qui\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":3,\"title\":\"fugiat veniam minus\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":4,\"title\":\"et porro tempora\",\"completed\":true},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":5,\"title\":\"laboriosam mollitia et enim quasi adipisci quia provident illum\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":6,\"title\":\"qui ullam ratione quibusdam voluptatem quia omnis\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":7,\"title\":\"illo expedita consequatur quia in\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":8,\"title\":\"quo adipisci enim quam ut ab\",\"completed\":true},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":9,\"title\":\"molestiae perspiciatis ipsa\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":10,\"title\":\"illo est ratione doloremque quia maiores aut\",\"completed\":true}]}",
    "isBase64Encoded": false
}

API Gateway HTTP API

When using Amazon API Gateway HTTP API to front your Lambda functions, you can use APIGatewayHttpResolver.

Note

Using HTTP API v1 payload? Use APIGatewayRestResolver instead. APIGatewayHttpResolver defaults to v2 payload.

Using HTTP API resolver
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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayHttpResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayHttpResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_HTTP)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Application Load Balancer

When using Amazon Application Load Balancer (ALB) to front your Lambda functions, you can use ALBResolver.

Using ALB resolver
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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import ALBResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = ALBResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.APPLICATION_LOAD_BALANCER)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Lambda Function URL

When using AWS Lambda Function URL, you can use LambdaFunctionUrlResolver.

Using Lambda Function URL resolver
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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import LambdaFunctionUrlResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = LambdaFunctionUrlResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.LAMBDA_FUNCTION_URL)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)
Example payload delivered to the handler
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{
  "version": "2.0",
  "routeKey": "$default",
  "rawPath": "/todos",
  "rawQueryString": "",
  "headers": {
    "x-amz-content-sha256": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855",
    "x-amzn-tls-version": "TLSv1.2",
    "x-amz-date": "20220803T092917Z",
    "x-forwarded-proto": "https",
    "x-forwarded-port": "443",
    "x-forwarded-for": "123.123.123.123",
    "accept": "application/xml",
    "x-amzn-tls-cipher-suite": "ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256",
    "x-amzn-trace-id": "Root=1-63ea3fee-51ba94542feafa3928745ba3",
    "host": "xxxxxxxxxxxxx.lambda-url.eu-central-1.on.aws",
    "content-type": "application/json",
    "accept-encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "user-agent": "Custom User Agent"
  },
  "requestContext": {
    "accountId": "123457890",
    "apiId": "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",
    "authorizer": {
      "iam": {
        "accessKey": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA",
        "accountId": "123457890",
        "callerId": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA",
        "cognitoIdentity": null,
        "principalOrgId": "o-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
        "userArn": "arn:aws:iam::AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA:user/user",
        "userId": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
      }
    },
    "domainName": "xxxxxxxxxxxxx.lambda-url.eu-central-1.on.aws",
    "domainPrefix": "xxxxxxxxxxxxx",
    "http": {
      "method": "GET",
      "path": "/todos",
      "protocol": "HTTP/1.1",
      "sourceIp": "123.123.123.123",
      "userAgent": "Custom User Agent"
    },
    "requestId": "24f9ef37-8eb7-45fe-9dbc-a504169fd2f8",
    "routeKey": "$default",
    "stage": "$default",
    "time": "03/Aug/2022:09:29:18 +0000",
    "timeEpoch": 1659518958068
  },
  "isBase64Encoded": false
}

Dynamic routes

You can use /todos/<todo_id> to configure dynamic URL paths, where <todo_id> will be resolved at runtime.

Each dynamic route you set must be part of your function signature. This allows us to call your function using keyword arguments when matching your dynamic route.

Note

For brevity, we will only include the necessary keys for each sample request for the example to work.

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get("/todos/<todo_id>")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todo_by_id(todo_id: str):  # value come as str
    todos: Response = requests.get(f"https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/{todo_id}")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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{
    "resource": "/todos/{id}",
    "path": "/todos/1",
    "httpMethod": "GET"
}
Tip

You can also nest dynamic paths, for example /todos/<todo_id>/<todo_status>.

Catch-all routes

Note

We recommend having explicit routes whenever possible; use catch-all routes sparingly.

You can use a regex string to handle an arbitrary number of paths within a request, for example .+.

You can also combine nested paths with greedy regex to catch in between routes.

Warning

We choose the most explicit registered route that matches an incoming event.

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from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get(".+")
@tracer.capture_method
def catch_any_route_get_method():
    return {"path_received": app.current_event.path}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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{
    "resource": "/{proxy+}",
    "path": "/any/route/should/work",
    "httpMethod": "GET"
}

HTTP Methods

You can use named decorators to specify the HTTP method that should be handled in your functions. That is, app.<http_method>, where the HTTP method could be get, post, put, patch and delete.

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.post("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def create_todo():
    todo_data: dict = app.current_event.json_body  # deserialize json str to dict
    todo: Response = requests.post("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", data=todo_data)
    todo.raise_for_status()

    return {"todo": todo.json()}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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{
    "resource": "/todos",
    "path": "/todos",
    "httpMethod": "POST",
    "body": "{\"title\": \"foo\", \"userId\": 1, \"completed\": false}"
}

If you need to accept multiple HTTP methods in a single function, you can use the route method and pass a list of HTTP methods.

Handling multiple HTTP Methods
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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


# PUT and POST HTTP requests to the path /hello will route to this function
@app.route("/todos", method=["PUT", "POST"])
@tracer.capture_method
def create_todo():
    todo_data: dict = app.current_event.json_body  # deserialize json str to dict
    todo: Response = requests.post("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos", data=todo_data)
    todo.raise_for_status()

    return {"todo": todo.json()}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)
Note

It is generally better to have separate functions for each HTTP method, as the functionality tends to differ depending on which method is used.

Accessing request details

Event Handler integrates with Event Source Data Classes utilities, and it exposes their respective resolver request details and convenient methods under app.current_event.

That is why you see app.resolve(event, context) in every example. This allows Event Handler to resolve requests, and expose data like app.lambda_context and app.current_event.

Query strings and payload

Within app.current_event property, you can access all available query strings as a dictionary via query_string_parameters, or a specific one via get_query_string_value method.

You can access the raw payload via body property, or if it's a JSON string you can quickly deserialize it via json_body property - like the earlier example in the HTTP Methods section.

Accessing query strings and raw payload
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from typing import Optional

import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todo_id: str = app.current_event.get_query_string_value(name="id", default_value="")
    # alternatively
    _: Optional[str] = app.current_event.query_string_parameters.get("id")

    # Payload
    _: Optional[str] = app.current_event.body  # raw str | None

    endpoint = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos"
    if todo_id:
        endpoint = f"{endpoint}/{todo_id}"

    todos: Response = requests.get(endpoint)
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Headers

Similarly to Query strings, you can access headers as dictionary via app.current_event.headers, or by name via get_header_value.

Accessing HTTP Headers
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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    endpoint = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos"

    api_key: str = app.current_event.get_header_value(name="X-Api-Key", case_sensitive=True, default_value="")
    todos: Response = requests.get(endpoint, headers={"X-Api-Key": api_key})
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Handling not found routes

By default, we return 404 for any unmatched route.

You can use not_found decorator to override this behavior, and return a custom Response.

Handling not found
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import requests

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import (
    APIGatewayRestResolver,
    Response,
    content_types,
)
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.exceptions import NotFoundError
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.not_found
@tracer.capture_method
def handle_not_found_errors(exc: NotFoundError) -> Response:
    logger.info(f"Not found route: {app.current_event.path}")
    return Response(status_code=418, content_type=content_types.TEXT_PLAIN, body="I'm a teapot!")


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: requests.Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Exception handling

You can use exception_handler decorator with any Python exception. This allows you to handle a common exception outside your route, for example validation errors.

Exception handling
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import requests

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import (
    APIGatewayRestResolver,
    Response,
    content_types,
)
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.exception_handler(ValueError)
def handle_invalid_limit_qs(ex: ValueError):  # receives exception raised
    metadata = {"path": app.current_event.path, "query_strings": app.current_event.query_string_parameters}
    logger.error(f"Malformed request: {ex}", extra=metadata)

    return Response(
        status_code=400,
        content_type=content_types.TEXT_PLAIN,
        body="Invalid request parameters.",
    )


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    # educational purpose only: we should receive a `ValueError`
    # if a query string value for `limit` cannot be coerced to int
    max_results: int = int(app.current_event.get_query_string_value(name="limit", default_value=0))

    todos: requests.Response = requests.get(f"https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos?limit={max_results}")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)
Info

The exception_handler also supports passing a list of exception types you wish to handle with one handler.

Raising HTTP errors

You can easily raise any HTTP Error back to the client using ServiceError exception. This ensures your Lambda function doesn't fail but return the correct HTTP response signalling the error.

Info

If you need to send custom headers, use Response class instead.

We provide pre-defined errors for the most popular ones such as HTTP 400, 401, 404, 500.

Raising common HTTP Status errors (4xx, 5xx)
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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.exceptions import (
    BadRequestError,
    InternalServerError,
    NotFoundError,
    ServiceError,
    UnauthorizedError,
)
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get(rule="/bad-request-error")
def bad_request_error():
    raise BadRequestError("Missing required parameter")  # HTTP  400


@app.get(rule="/unauthorized-error")
def unauthorized_error():
    raise UnauthorizedError("Unauthorized")  # HTTP 401


@app.get(rule="/not-found-error")
def not_found_error():
    raise NotFoundError  # HTTP 404


@app.get(rule="/internal-server-error")
def internal_server_error():
    raise InternalServerError("Internal server error")  # HTTP 500


@app.get(rule="/service-error", cors=True)
def service_error():
    raise ServiceError(502, "Something went wrong!")


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Custom Domain API Mappings

When using Custom Domain API Mappings feature, you must use strip_prefixes param in the APIGatewayRestResolver constructor.

Scenario: You have a custom domain api.mydomain.dev. Then you set /payment API Mapping to forward any payment requests to your Payments API.

Challenge: This means your path value for any API requests will always contain /payment/<actual_request>, leading to HTTP 404 as Event Handler is trying to match what's after payment/. This gets further complicated with an arbitrary level of nesting.

To address this API Gateway behavior, we use strip_prefixes parameter to account for these prefixes that are now injected into the path regardless of which type of API Gateway you're using.

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from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver(strip_prefixes=["/payment"])


@app.get("/subscriptions/<subscription>")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_subscription(subscription):
    return {"subscription_id": subscription}


@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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{
    "resource": "/subscriptions/{subscription}",
    "path": "/payment/subscriptions/123",
    "httpMethod": "GET"
}
Note

After removing a path prefix with strip_prefixes, the new root path will automatically be mapped to the path argument of /.

For example, when using strip_prefixes value of /pay, there is no difference between a request path of /pay and /pay/; and the path argument would be defined as /.

Advanced

CORS

You can configure CORS at the APIGatewayRestResolver constructor via cors parameter using the CORSConfig class.

This will ensure that CORS headers are always returned as part of the response when your functions match the path invoked.

Tip

Optionally disable CORS on a per path basis with cors=False parameter.

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver, CORSConfig
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
cors_config = CORSConfig(allow_origin="https://example.com", max_age=300)
app = APIGatewayRestResolver(cors=cors_config)


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


@app.get("/todos/<todo_id>")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todo_by_id(todo_id: str):  # value come as str
    todos: Response = requests.get(f"https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/{todo_id}")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()}


@app.get("/healthcheck", cors=False)  # optionally removes CORS for a given route
@tracer.capture_method
def am_i_alive():
    return {"am_i_alive": "yes"}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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{
    "statusCode": 200,
    "multiValueHeaders": {
        "Content-Type": ["application/json"],
        "Access-Control-Allow-Origin": ["https://www.example.com"],
        "Access-Control-Allow-Headers": ["Authorization,Content-Type,X-Amz-Date,X-Amz-Security-Token,X-Api-Key"]
    },
    "body": "{\"todos\":[{\"userId\":1,\"id\":1,\"title\":\"delectus aut autem\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":2,\"title\":\"quis ut nam facilis et officia qui\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":3,\"title\":\"fugiat veniam minus\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":4,\"title\":\"et porro tempora\",\"completed\":true},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":5,\"title\":\"laboriosam mollitia et enim quasi adipisci quia provident illum\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":6,\"title\":\"qui ullam ratione quibusdam voluptatem quia omnis\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":7,\"title\":\"illo expedita consequatur quia in\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":8,\"title\":\"quo adipisci enim quam ut ab\",\"completed\":true},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":9,\"title\":\"molestiae perspiciatis ipsa\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":10,\"title\":\"illo est ratione doloremque quia maiores aut\",\"completed\":true}]}",
    "isBase64Encoded": false
}

Pre-flight

Pre-flight (OPTIONS) calls are typically handled at the API Gateway or Lambda Function URL level as per our sample infrastructure, no Lambda integration is necessary. However, ALB expects you to handle pre-flight requests.

For convenience, we automatically handle that for you as long as you setup CORS in the constructor level.

Defaults

For convenience, these are the default values when using CORSConfig to enable CORS:

Warning

Always configure allow_origin when using in production.

Key Value Note
allow_origin: str * Only use the default value for development. Never use * for production unless your use case requires it
allow_headers: List[str] [Authorization, Content-Type, X-Amz-Date, X-Api-Key, X-Amz-Security-Token] Additional headers will be appended to the default list for your convenience
expose_headers: List[str] [] Any additional header beyond the safe listed by CORS specification.
max_age: int `` Only for pre-flight requests if you choose to have your function to handle it instead of API Gateway
allow_credentials: bool False Only necessary when you need to expose cookies, authorization headers or TLS client certificates.

Fine grained responses

You can use the Response class to have full control over the response. For example, you might want to add additional headers, cookies, or set a custom Content-type.

Info

Powertools serializes headers and cookies according to the type of input event. Some event sources require headers and cookies to be encoded as multiValueHeaders.

Using multiple values for HTTP headers in ALB?

Make sure you enable the multi value headers feature to serialize response headers correctly.

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from http import HTTPStatus
from uuid import uuid4

import requests

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import (
    APIGatewayRestResolver,
    Response,
    content_types,
)
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.shared.cookies import Cookie
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: requests.Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    custom_headers = {"X-Transaction-Id": [f"{uuid4()}"]}

    return Response(
        status_code=HTTPStatus.OK.value,  # 200
        content_type=content_types.APPLICATION_JSON,
        body=todos.json()[:10],
        headers=custom_headers,
        cookies=[Cookie(name="session_id", value="12345")],
    )


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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{
    "statusCode": 200,
    "multiValueHeaders": {
        "Content-Type": ["application/json"],
        "X-Transaction-Id": ["3490eea9-791b-47a0-91a4-326317db61a9"],
        "Set-Cookie": ["session_id=12345; Secure"]
    },
    "body": "{\"todos\":[{\"userId\":1,\"id\":1,\"title\":\"delectus aut autem\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":2,\"title\":\"quis ut nam facilis et officia qui\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":3,\"title\":\"fugiat veniam minus\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":4,\"title\":\"et porro tempora\",\"completed\":true},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":5,\"title\":\"laboriosam mollitia et enim quasi adipisci quia provident illum\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":6,\"title\":\"qui ullam ratione quibusdam voluptatem quia omnis\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":7,\"title\":\"illo expedita consequatur quia in\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":8,\"title\":\"quo adipisci enim quam ut ab\",\"completed\":true},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":9,\"title\":\"molestiae perspiciatis ipsa\",\"completed\":false},{\"userId\":1,\"id\":10,\"title\":\"illo est ratione doloremque quia maiores aut\",\"completed\":true}]}",
    "isBase64Encoded": false
}

Compress

You can compress with gzip and base64 encode your responses via compress parameter.

Warning

The client must send the Accept-Encoding header, otherwise a normal response will be sent.

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 import requests
 from requests import Response

 from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
 from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
 from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
 from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

 tracer = Tracer()
 logger = Logger()
 app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


 @app.get("/todos", compress=True)
 @tracer.capture_method
 def get_todos():
     todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
     todos.raise_for_status()

     # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
     return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


 # You can continue to use other utilities just as before
 @logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
 @tracer.capture_lambda_handler
 def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
     return app.resolve(event, context)

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{
    "headers": {
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip"
    },
    "resource": "/todos",
    "path": "/todos",
    "httpMethod": "GET"
}

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{
    "statusCode": 200,
    "multiValueHeaders": {
        "Content-Type": ["application/json"],
        "Content-Encoding": ["gzip"]
    },
    "body": "H4sIAAAAAAACE42STU4DMQyFrxJl3QXln96AMyAW7sSDLCVxiJ0Kqerd8TCCUOgii1EmP/783pOPXjmw+N3L0TfB+hz8brvxtC5KGtHvfMCIkzZx0HT5MPmNnziViIr2dIYoeNr8Q1x3xHsjcVadIbkZJoq2RXU8zzQROLseQ9505NzeCNQdMJNBE+UmY4zbzjAJhWtlZ57sB84BWtul+rteH2HPlVgWARwjqXkxpklK5gmEHAQqJBMtFsGVygcKmNVRjG0wxvuzGF2L0dpVUOKMC3bfJNjJgWMrCuZk7cUp02AiD72D6WKHHwUDKbiJs6AZ0VZXKOUx4uNvzdxT+E4mLcMA+6G8nzrLQkaxkNEVrFKW2VGbJCoCY7q2V3+tiv5kGThyxfTecDWbgGz/NfYXhL6ePgF9PnFdPgMAAA==",
    "isBase64Encoded": true
}

Binary responses

For convenience, we automatically base64 encode binary responses. You can also use in combination with compress parameter if your client supports gzip.

Like compress feature, the client must send the Accept header with the correct media type.

Warning

This feature requires API Gateway to configure binary media types, see our sample infrastructure for reference.

Note

Lambda Function URLs handle binary media types automatically.

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import os
from pathlib import Path

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.api_gateway import (
    APIGatewayRestResolver,
    Response,
)
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()


app = APIGatewayRestResolver()
logo_file: bytes = Path(f"{os.getenv('LAMBDA_TASK_ROOT')}/logo.svg").read_bytes()


@app.get("/logo")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_logo():
    return Response(status_code=200, content_type="image/svg+xml", body=logo_file)


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<svg width="256px" height="256px" viewBox="0 0 256 256" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid">
    <title>AWS Lambda</title>
    <defs>
        <linearGradient x1="0%" y1="100%" x2="100%" y2="0%" id="linearGradient-1">
            <stop stop-color="#C8511B" offset="0%"></stop>
            <stop stop-color="#FF9900" offset="100%"></stop>
        </linearGradient>
    </defs>
    <g>
        <rect fill="url(#linearGradient-1)" x="0" y="0" width="256" height="256"></rect>
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{
    "headers": {
        "Accept": "image/svg+xml"
    },
    "resource": "/logo",
    "path": "/logo",
    "httpMethod": "GET"
}

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{
    "body": "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",
    "multiValueHeaders": {
        "Content-Type": ["image/svg+xml"]
    },
    "isBase64Encoded": true,
    "statusCode": 200
}

Debug mode

You can enable debug mode via debug param, or via POWERTOOLS_DEV environment variable.

This will enable full tracebacks errors in the response, print request and responses, and set CORS in development mode.

Danger

This might reveal sensitive information in your logs and relax CORS restrictions, use it sparingly.

It's best to use for local development only!

Enabling debug mode
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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver(debug=True)


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Custom serializer

You can instruct event handler to use a custom serializer to best suit your needs, for example take into account Enums when serializing.

Using a custom JSON serializer for responses
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import json
from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, is_dataclass
from json import JSONEncoder

import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@dataclass
class Todo:
    userId: str
    id: str  # noqa: A003 VNE003 "id" field is reserved
    title: str
    completed: bool


class DataclassCustomEncoder(JSONEncoder):
    """A custom JSON encoder to serialize dataclass obj"""

    def default(self, obj):
        # Only called for values that aren't JSON serializable
        # where `obj` will be an instance of Todo in this example
        return asdict(obj) if is_dataclass(obj) else super().default(obj)


def custom_serializer(obj) -> str:
    """Your custom serializer function APIGatewayRestResolver will use"""
    return json.dumps(obj, separators=(",", ":"), cls=DataclassCustomEncoder)


app = APIGatewayRestResolver(serializer=custom_serializer)


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    ret: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    ret.raise_for_status()
    todos = [Todo(**todo) for todo in ret.json()]

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Split routes with Router

As you grow the number of routes a given Lambda function should handle, it is natural to split routes into separate files to ease maintenance - That's where the Router feature is useful.

Let's assume you have split_route.py as your Lambda function entrypoint and routes in split_route_module.py. This is how you'd use the Router feature.

We import Router instead of APIGatewayRestResolver; syntax wise is exactly the same.

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.api_gateway import Router

tracer = Tracer()
router = Router()

endpoint = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos"


@router.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    api_key: str = router.current_event.get_header_value(name="X-Api-Key", case_sensitive=True, default_value="")

    todos: Response = requests.get(endpoint, headers={"X-Api-Key": api_key})
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


@router.get("/todos/<todo_id>")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todo_by_id(todo_id: str):  # value come as str
    api_key: str = router.current_event.get_header_value(name="X-Api-Key", case_sensitive=True, default_value="")  # type: ignore[assignment] # sentinel typing # noqa: E501

    todos: Response = requests.get(f"{endpoint}/{todo_id}", headers={"X-Api-Key": api_key})
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()}

We use include_router method and include all user routers registered in the router global object.

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import split_route_module

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()
app.include_router(split_route_module.router)


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Route prefix

In the previous example, split_route_module.py routes had a /todos prefix. This might grow over time and become repetitive.

When necessary, you can set a prefix when including a router object. This means you could remove /todos prefix altogether.

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import split_route_module

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()
# prefix '/todos' to any route in `split_route_module.router`
app.include_router(split_route_module.router, prefix="/todos")


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.api_gateway import Router

tracer = Tracer()
router = Router()

endpoint = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos"


@router.get("/")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    api_key: str = router.current_event.get_header_value(name="X-Api-Key", case_sensitive=True, default_value="")

    todos: Response = requests.get(endpoint, headers={"X-Api-Key": api_key})
    todos.raise_for_status()

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


@router.get("/<todo_id>")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todo_by_id(todo_id: str):  # value come as str
    api_key: str = router.current_event.get_header_value(name="X-Api-Key", case_sensitive=True, default_value="")  # type: ignore[assignment] # sentinel typing # noqa: E501

    todos: Response = requests.get(f"{endpoint}/{todo_id}", headers={"X-Api-Key": api_key})
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()}


# many more routes

Specialized router types

You can use specialized router classes according to the type of event that you are resolving. This way you'll get type hints from your IDE as you access the current_event property.

Router Resolver current_event type
APIGatewayRouter APIGatewayRestResolver APIGatewayProxyEvent
APIGatewayHttpRouter APIGatewayHttpResolver APIGatewayProxyEventV2
ALBRouter ALBResolver ALBEvent
LambdaFunctionUrlRouter LambdaFunctionUrlResolver LambdaFunctionUrlEvent 
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from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.router import APIGatewayRouter

app = APIGatewayRestResolver()
router = APIGatewayRouter()


@router.get("/me")
def get_self():
    # router.current_event is a APIGatewayProxyEvent
    account_id = router.current_event.request_context.account_id

    return {"account_id": account_id}


app.include_router(router)


def lambda_handler(event, context):
    return app.resolve(event, context)

Sharing contextual data

You can use append_context when you want to share data between your App and Router instances. Any data you share will be available via the context dictionary available in your App or Router context.

Info

For safety, we always clear any data available in the context dictionary after each invocation.

Tip

This can also be useful for middlewares injecting contextual information before a request is processed.

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import split_route_append_context_module

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()
app.include_router(split_route_append_context_module.router)


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    app.append_context(is_admin=True)  # arbitrary number of key=value data
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler.api_gateway import Router

tracer = Tracer()
router = Router()

endpoint = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos"


@router.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    is_admin: bool = router.context.get("is_admin", False)
    todos = {}

    if is_admin:
        todos: Response = requests.get(endpoint)
        todos.raise_for_status()
        todos = todos.json()[:10]

    # for brevity, we'll limit to the first 10 only
    return {"todos": todos}

Sample layout

This is a sample project layout for a monolithic function with routes split in different files (/todos, /health).

Sample project layout
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.
├── pyproject.toml            # project app & dev dependencies; poetry, pipenv, etc.
├── poetry.lock
├── src
│       ├── __init__.py
│       ├── requirements.txt  # sam build detect it automatically due to CodeUri: src. poetry export --format src/requirements.txt
│       └── todos
│           ├── __init__.py
│           ├── main.py       # this will be our todos Lambda fn; it could be split in folders if we want separate fns same code base
│           └── routers       # routers module
│               ├── __init__.py
│               ├── health.py # /health routes. from routers import todos; health.router
│               └── todos.py  # /todos routes. from .routers import todos; todos.router
├── template.yml              # SAM. CodeUri: src, Handler: todos.main.lambda_handler
└── tests
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── unit
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── test_todos.py     # unit tests for the todos router
    │   └── test_health.py    # unit tests for the health router
    └── functional
        ├── __init__.py
        ├── conftest.py       # pytest fixtures for the functional tests
        └── test_main.py      # functional tests for the main lambda handler

Considerations

This utility is optimized for fast startup, minimal feature set, and to quickly on-board customers familiar with frameworks like Flask — it's not meant to be a fully fledged framework.

Event Handler naturally leads to a single Lambda function handling multiple routes for a given service, which can be eventually broken into multiple functions.

Both single (monolithic) and multiple functions (micro) offer different set of trade-offs worth knowing.

Tip

TL;DR. Start with a monolithic function, add additional functions with new handlers, and possibly break into micro functions if necessary.

Monolithic function

Monolithic function sample

A monolithic function means that your final code artifact will be deployed to a single function. This is generally the best approach to start.

Benefits

  • Code reuse. It's easier to reason about your service, modularize it and reuse code as it grows. Eventually, it can be turned into a standalone library.
  • No custom tooling. Monolithic functions are treated just like normal Python packages; no upfront investment in tooling.
  • Faster deployment and debugging. Whether you use all-at-once, linear, or canary deployments, a monolithic function is a single deployable unit. IDEs like PyCharm and VSCode have tooling to quickly profile, visualize, and step through debug any Python package.

Downsides

  • Cold starts. Frequent deployments and/or high load can diminish the benefit of monolithic functions depending on your latency requirements, due to Lambda scaling model. Always load test to pragmatically balance between your customer experience and development cognitive load.
  • Granular security permissions. The micro function approach enables you to use fine-grained permissions & access controls, separate external dependencies & code signing at the function level. Conversely, you could have multiple functions while duplicating the final code artifact in a monolithic approach.
    • Regardless, least privilege can be applied to either approaches.
  • Higher risk per deployment. A misconfiguration or invalid import can cause disruption if not caught earlier in automated testing. Multiple functions can mitigate misconfigurations but they would still share the same code artifact. You can further minimize risks with multiple environments in your CI/CD pipeline.

Micro function

Micro function sample

A micro function means that your final code artifact will be different to each function deployed. This is generally the approach to start if you're looking for fine-grain control and/or high load on certain parts of your service.

Benefits

  • Granular scaling. A micro function can benefit from the Lambda scaling model to scale differently depending on each part of your application. Concurrency controls and provisioned concurrency can also be used at a granular level for capacity management.
  • Discoverability. Micro functions are easier do visualize when using distributed tracing. Their high-level architectures can be self-explanatory, and complexity is highly visible — assuming each function is named to the business purpose it serves.
  • Package size. An independent function can be significant smaller (KB vs MB) depending on external dependencies it require to perform its purpose. Conversely, a monolithic approach can benefit from Lambda Layers to optimize builds for external dependencies.

Downsides

  • Upfront investment. You need custom build tooling to bundle assets, including C bindings for runtime compatibility. Operations become more elaborate — you need to standardize tracing labels/annotations, structured logging, and metrics to pinpoint root causes.
    • Engineering discipline is necessary for both approaches. Micro-function approach however requires further attention in consistency as the number of functions grow, just like any distributed system.
  • Harder to share code. Shared code must be carefully evaluated to avoid unnecessary deployments when that changes. Equally, if shared code isn't a library, your development, building, deployment tooling need to accommodate the distinct layout.
  • Slower safe deployments. Safely deploying multiple functions require coordination — AWS CodeDeploy deploys and verifies each function sequentially. This increases lead time substantially (minutes to hours) depending on the deployment strategy you choose. You can mitigate it by selectively enabling it in prod-like environments only, and where the risk profile is applicable.
    • Automated testing, operational and security reviews are essential to stability in either approaches.

Testing your code

You can test your routes by passing a proxy event request with required params.

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from dataclasses import dataclass

import assert_rest_api_resolver_response
import pytest


@pytest.fixture
def lambda_context():
    @dataclass
    class LambdaContext:
        function_name: str = "test"
        memory_limit_in_mb: int = 128
        invoked_function_arn: str = "arn:aws:lambda:eu-west-1:123456789012:function:test"
        aws_request_id: str = "da658bd3-2d6f-4e7b-8ec2-937234644fdc"

    return LambdaContext()


def test_lambda_handler(lambda_context):
    minimal_event = {
        "path": "/todos",
        "httpMethod": "GET",
        "requestContext": {"requestId": "227b78aa-779d-47d4-a48e-ce62120393b8"},  # correlation ID
    }
    # Example of API Gateway REST API request event:
    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/services-apigateway.html#apigateway-example-event
    ret = assert_rest_api_resolver_response.lambda_handler(minimal_event, lambda_context)
    assert ret["statusCode"] == 200
    assert ret["body"] != ""

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayRestResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayRestResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_REST)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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from dataclasses import dataclass

import assert_http_api_response_module
import pytest


@pytest.fixture
def lambda_context():
    @dataclass
    class LambdaContext:
        function_name: str = "test"
        memory_limit_in_mb: int = 128
        invoked_function_arn: str = "arn:aws:lambda:eu-west-1:123456789012:function:test"
        aws_request_id: str = "da658bd3-2d6f-4e7b-8ec2-937234644fdc"

    return LambdaContext()


def test_lambda_handler(lambda_context):
    minimal_event = {
        "rawPath": "/todos",
        "requestContext": {
            "requestContext": {"requestId": "227b78aa-779d-47d4-a48e-ce62120393b8"},  # correlation ID
            "http": {
                "method": "GET",
            },
            "stage": "$default",
        },
    }
    # Example of API Gateway HTTP API request event:
    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/apigateway/latest/developerguide/http-api-develop-integrations-lambda.html

    ret = assert_http_api_response_module.lambda_handler(minimal_event, lambda_context)
    assert ret["statusCode"] == 200
    assert ret["body"] != ""

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import APIGatewayHttpResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = APIGatewayHttpResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.API_GATEWAY_HTTP)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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from dataclasses import dataclass

import assert_alb_api_response_module
import pytest


@pytest.fixture
def lambda_context():
    @dataclass
    class LambdaContext:
        function_name: str = "test"
        memory_limit_in_mb: int = 128
        invoked_function_arn: str = "arn:aws:lambda:eu-west-1:123456789012:function:test"
        aws_request_id: str = "da658bd3-2d6f-4e7b-8ec2-937234644fdc"

    return LambdaContext()


def test_lambda_handler(lambda_context):
    minimal_event = {
        "path": "/todos",
        "httpMethod": "GET",
        "headers": {"x-amzn-trace-id": "b25827e5-0e30-4d52-85a8-4df449ee4c5a"},
    }
    # Example of Application Load Balancer request event:
    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/services-alb.html

    ret = assert_alb_api_response_module.lambda_handler(minimal_event, lambda_context)
    assert ret["statusCode"] == 200
    assert ret["body"] != ""

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import ALBResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = ALBResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.APPLICATION_LOAD_BALANCER)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

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from dataclasses import dataclass

import assert_function_url_api_response_module
import pytest


@pytest.fixture
def lambda_context():
    @dataclass
    class LambdaContext:
        function_name: str = "test"
        memory_limit_in_mb: int = 128
        invoked_function_arn: str = "arn:aws:lambda:eu-west-1:123456789012:function:test"
        aws_request_id: str = "da658bd3-2d6f-4e7b-8ec2-937234644fdc"

    return LambdaContext()


def test_lambda_handler(lambda_context):
    minimal_event = {
        "rawPath": "/todos",
        "requestContext": {
            "requestContext": {"requestId": "227b78aa-779d-47d4-a48e-ce62120393b8"},  # correlation ID
            "http": {
                "method": "GET",
            },
            "stage": "$default",
        },
    }
    # Example of Lambda Function URL request event:
    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/urls-invocation.html#urls-payloads

    ret = assert_function_url_api_response_module.lambda_handler(minimal_event, lambda_context)
    assert ret["statusCode"] == 200
    assert ret["body"] != ""

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import requests
from requests import Response

from aws_lambda_powertools import Logger, Tracer
from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import LambdaFunctionUrlResolver
from aws_lambda_powertools.logging import correlation_paths
from aws_lambda_powertools.utilities.typing import LambdaContext

tracer = Tracer()
logger = Logger()
app = LambdaFunctionUrlResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
@tracer.capture_method
def get_todos():
    todos: Response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos")
    todos.raise_for_status()

    return {"todos": todos.json()[:10]}


# You can continue to use other utilities just as before
@logger.inject_lambda_context(correlation_id_path=correlation_paths.LAMBDA_FUNCTION_URL)
@tracer.capture_lambda_handler
def lambda_handler(event: dict, context: LambdaContext) -> dict:
    return app.resolve(event, context)

FAQ

What's the difference between this utility and frameworks like Chalice?

Chalice is a full featured microframework that manages application and infrastructure. This utility, however, is largely focused on routing to reduce boilerplate and expects you to setup and manage infrastructure with your framework of choice.

That said, Chalice has native integration with Lambda Powertools if you're looking for a more opinionated and web framework feature set.

What happened to ApiGatewayResolver?

It's been superseded by more explicit resolvers like APIGatewayRestResolver, APIGatewayHttpResolver, and ALBResolver.

ApiGatewayResolver handled multiple types of event resolvers for convenience via proxy_type param. However, it made it impossible for static checkers like Mypy and IDEs IntelliSense to know what properties a current_event would have due to late bound resolution.

This provided a suboptimal experience for customers not being able to find all properties available besides common ones between API Gateway REST, HTTP, and ALB - while manually annotating app.current_event would work it is not the experience we want to provide to customers.

ApiGatewayResolver will be deprecated in v2 and have appropriate warnings as soon as we have a v2 draft.

Last update: 2023-02-17